No-Tillage is a new approach to increase efficiency of activity inputs and conserving of natural resources. The role of driller and their furrow openers in this system is very important. Amount of soil translocation depends to opener shape which affects some characteristics of furrow such as moisture content in the slot. In this research magnitude of soil translocation and direction of movement for the soil located in the front of new opener were investigated. The new opener which was suitable for no-Tillage system fabricated by adding two horizontal disks to traditional double-disk opener. The experiments were conducted with three levels of traveling speed (3, 6, 8 km/hr) and two bulk densities of soil (1.1, 1.4 Mg/m).The experimental design was arranged in a (3×2) complete randomized factorial design with three replications for each test. Few specified colored balls were used to trace direction of movement of soil particles. Results showed amount of soil translocation increased as traveling speed increased. Also movement in the less compacted soil was greater. In a specified condition lateral movement of the particles located in the shallower depth was higher. Although the particles which located deeper moved farther in the direction of traveling but their lateral scattering was smaller. Also, it was found that the direction of soil movement in the seed slot for the novel opener was upward. This can solve the problem of pushing drier soil of surface into seed slot due to using of double-disk opener.

This experiment was carried out to study on the effects of soil Tillage methods on soil moisture conservation, growth indices, yield and yield components of some soybean cultivars. The experimental layout was RCBD in split plot arrangement with nine treatments and in three replicates conducted in research farm of university of Tehran with altitude of 1321 m ASL, longitude of 510 East, latitude of 350 48// North. The treatments included combination of soil Tillage methods of conventional, minimum and no-till as main plots and soybean cultivars of Williams, Wojudanka and Verna as sub plots. According to the results Tillage methods had significant effects (p<0.01) on grain yield, biomass, harvest index, number of cobs and number of seeds per cob and the minimum grain yield of 2593 kg ha-1was obtained from conventional system, while there was no significant difference between two other Tillage methods. The biological yield in conventional system with the mean yield of 5994 kg ha-1 was more than two other Tillage methods and the minimum biomass was obtained from minimum Tillage. The maximum harvest index was observed in conventional system and the highest number of cobs per plant was obtained from Williams cultivar, while the number of seeds per cob was significantly different in studied cultivars with the highest amount in Williams and the lowest in Verna.

No Tillage systems can reduce operating costs, enhance soil organic matter, ameliorate soil structure and prevent environmental damage caused by stubble burning. However, the lack of an appropriate direct drill for the hardened soil of arid areas reduces adequate soil-seed contact and, thus, the system has shown contradictory results in past tests. Developing a direct drill to place the seed and fertilizer at different depths, then cover the seed with a layer of fine soil without incorporating stubble into it is the first step in applying the no Tillage system in pilot experiments. In this study, an active notched coulter (PTO driven) acting as a circular saw that cuts a groove on the soil surface was installed on a grain drill and was evaluated in hardened soil covered by wheat residue mulch. The active coulter operated at different rotary speeds in the forward and backward directions (with or against the rotation of the tractor wheels). Preliminary experiments showed that the backward rotation of the coulter cut a deeper groove at a given speed and left a relatively clean, empty groove than did the forward rotation, which nearly refilled the groove. A cutting unit, therefore, was designed based on the backward rotation of an active coulter at 580-700 rpm. The coulter cut a 15 mm wide groove to an average depth of 55 mm as it moved forward, throwing the soil forward and upward. This necessitated placement of a mudguard over the coulter to prevent or redirect the upward flow of soil toward the end of the cutting unit. The soil particles thrown off of the end of the mudguard then refill about 20% of groove depth, the amount of soil required to create a layer of soil between the fertilizer and seed. The fertilizer tube was installed immediately behind the coulter (50 mm above the soil surface) before the soil flow partly refilled the groove. The seed pipe was then installed far enough behind the cutting unit along the groove to allow the seeds to be placed on the partially-filled groove. Finally, a fork coverer filled the groove with fine particles of cut soil spread alongside the groove. Evaluation of the procedure showed that the direct drill equipped with such a cutting unit was able to place the fertilizer granules about 20 mm beneath the seeds in a hardened dry soil covered with stubble while cutting less than 10% of the soil surface.

The current study was conducted to compare different Tillage methods on wheat yield in pebbly dry land areas done within three years (2006-2008) in north Khouzestan (Baghmalek city) in randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The experimental treatments were: (1) chisel plow+seed-drill, (2) Semi plow (mold board plow with remove mold board)+seed-drill, (3) no-till-drill, (4) sweep plow+seed-drill and (5) conventional method (mold board plow+broadcasting seed and fertilizer+sweep plow). These treatments included minimum Tillage (treatments 1, 2 and 4), no Tillage (treatment 3) and conventional Tillage (treatment 5).Complex variance analyses of three years data showed that there was no significant difference between Tillage methods and interaction of Tillage methods with year in soil moisture content in different plant growth stages (stem, flowering, and filling seeds stages) but years were different in this factor. Variance analyses of data showed that there was no significant difference between different Tillage methods in percent of organic materials in different soil depths in the end of the project. However, no difference in Tillage methods in the amount of organic material has been analyzed based on the pebbly conditions. The complex variance analyses of data also showed that Tillage methods had significant effect on grain yield and other agronomical factors, except plant height and harvest index. According to the results any devices cause to back more gravel and cobblestone into sub soil layer provide more grain yield. Therefore, mold board plow resulted in maximum yield in three experimental years which were different in amount and distribution of rainfall, and also in third year the amount of rainfall was considerably low. The grain yield averages of three years were 1333, 1558, 1190, 1080 and 1787 Kg.ha-1 for chisel plow, semi plow, no-till-drill, sweep plow and mold board plow respectively.

The effect of different Tillage methods on wheat yield in Iran's dryland conditions has been investigated in several studies. Most of the conducted studies only cover a small area (field experiments in one area), which in some cases have contradictory and incomplete results. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of conservation Tillage (reduced Tillage and no Tillage) on dryland wheat yield using domestic studies with meta-analysis method. For this purpose, articles, research reports and student thesis between 1991 and 2021 were reviewed using key keywords related to Tillage in the dryland wheat. Finally, after quality control, 29 studies were selected to compare minimum Tillage method with conventional Tillage and 22 studies were selected to compare no-Tillage with conventional Tillage using a random model. Based on the results, according to the effect size in the method of minimum Tillage (SMD = +0.42) and no Tillage (SMD = -0.43), it can be concluded that the minimum Tillage method has increased wheat yield (+1.44%) and no-Tillage method has decreased wheat yield (-7.7%) compared to conventional Tillage method. It is suggested in dry lands, that one of the minimum Tillage methods includes: 1- plowing with combinated tiller (chisel plow equipped with roller), 2- plowing with chisel-packer and 3-plowing with chisel plow + disk should be used instead of the conventional Tillage (moldboard ploughing + disc + leveler) by observing plant rotation.

Reducing evapotranspiration (ETc) is one of the ways to reduce water use in agriculture. Creating or putting mulch on the soil surface can reduce ETc. Establishing a cover crop between harvest and cultivation of the main crop can produce enough mulch on the soil surface. An experimental study carried out to assess different impacts of no Tillage system under crop mulch (DSM) compared with conventional Tillage (CT) in the Southeast of France (being in a Mediterranean climate) from 2000 to 2007. In this paper, the impacts of DSM on the ETc were studied. Zero flux plane method was used to determine ETc. The results showed that mulch reduced ETc for corn, sorghum and durum wheat from 29 to 118 mm as compared with CT. This reduction resulted in saving approximately a water depth application of 30 mm, being considerable in a context with water deficiency.

Conventional Tillage increases soil compaction and 25% water and wind erosion. It also causes decrease soil porosity and water capacity. In order to prevent this situation; conservational Tillage is considered as an effective strategy. Conservational Tillage have important role in soil erosion and improve its quality. Every year Moghan Agro-Industrial & Livestock (MAIL) Company costs a lot to do conventional Tillage. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, an experiment was conducted in factorial pattern with completely randomized design with two factors, Tillage method (Conventional Tillage & No-Tillage) and irrigation method (traditional irrigation & Sprinkler irrigation). Results showed that yield, average fuel consumption, traffic, water consumption and fuel consumption productivity index in No-Tillage method is better than conventional Tillage. Also, the results of the MCDM Engine software showed the Combination of No-Tillage system with Sprinkler irrigation with CL*=0. 98 (The relative proximity of the option to the ideal solution) is best method for minimum cost of production and maximum yield in silage corn. Therefore, No-Tillage system with Sprinkler irrigation can be suitable method for sustainable production of Silage Corn in Moghan region.

The effect of no Tillage, minimum and conventional Tillage were investigated on some characteristics of soil and machine on alternation of sugar beet, barley, maize, wheat in cold regions of Khorasan Razavi province. This study was conducted in split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of soil Tillage methods in three levels: conventional Tillage, minimum Tillage and no Tillage in the main plots and amount of plant residues in three levels including: no residues, retaining 30 percent and 60 percent of residues in the subplots. The results showed that no Tillage and minimum Tillage reduced fuel consumption, operating time, mechanical power consumed in land preparation and planting operations and amount of plant residues returned compared to the conventional Tillage. The conventional Tillage compared to minimum Tillage and no Tillage reduced the diameter of the soil clods significantly. Soil Tillage methods and amount of plant residues did not have a significant effect on soil penetration resistance.

Introduction: Investigating whether agricultural ecosystems are performing as carbon source or sink due to either natural influences or management approaches plays a critical role in studies aimed at mitigating and adaptating to climatic variation. A sustained study of the application of agricultural ecosystems is the only achievable way to develop an accurate vision on gas exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems (Beziat et al., 2009). Estimating carbon budget in agricultural ecosystems is an effective way to find out whether a given ecosystem is a source or a sink of carbon dioxide (Twine and Kucharik, 2009). The goal of this investigation was to study the effects of maintaining crop residues on CO2 flux and carbon balance in an agricultural system.Materials and methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increased residue rate on the CO2 emission rate and determine the soil carbon budget in the presence or absence of residue in the soil surface. A randomized block design experiment including five treatments and three replications was carried out on a research farm of the University of Ferdowsi in 2011-12. Treatments include 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 t ha-1 of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw. The carbon budget was estimated in both years using a static closed chamber method according to analysis by gas chromatography (Shimizu et al., 2009).Results and discussion: Results showed that in spring and summer, soil temperature was higher than air temperature. In winter and autumn, air temperature was usually higher than bare soil temperature. In both the experimental years, the temperature of residue-containing soil was lower than that of the air in spring. The treatment with the highest residue rate (16 ton ha-1) had the lowest temperature in all measurements, however, the difference between various residue treatments was slight and the difference between 8 and 16 tons ha-1 was not significant in any measurement. Duiker and Lal (2000) showed that soil temperature under application of residue was 14oc lower than bare soil. The daily CO2 emission rate ranged from 0.1 to 4.3 megagrams C ha-1year-1. The CO2 emission rate increased in line with increases in residue kept at the soil surface. The highest annual CO2 flux rate was obtained for 16 ton ha-1 residue as 3.7 in 2011 and 3.6 in 2012 and the lowest annual CO2 flux rate was gained in bare soil in the two experimental years as 0.7 and 0.9 tons ha-1. Based on this equation, annual CO2 flux was calculated. An exponential relationship between soil temperature and respiration has been also reported by other authors (Brar et al., 2013).Conclusion: Residue application had a significant impact on soil temperature. The difference was large between unmulched and mulched treatments. Our results indicated a high correlation (> 85%) between soil temperature and CO2 flux which was positive and exponential. Although the total calculated CO2 flux from the bare soil treatment was lower than the other treatments, this treatment had a carbon budget more negative than the other treatments, which is an ecologically negative factor.